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Specific Performance

/spəˈsɪfɪk pəˈfɔːrməns/

Legal Remedy

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Definition

A court order compelling a party to perform their contractual obligations as agreed, rather than paying damages. Granted when damages are inadequate — typically for immovable property contracts or unique goods. In India, governed by the Specific Relief Act, 1963. The 2018 Amendment changed specific performance from discretionary to a general rule, with limited exceptions.

Examples

A seller who agreed to sell ancestral land but refuses to execute the sale deed can be ordered by court to complete the sale — money cannot compensate for unique property.
A personal service contract (e.g., artist's performance) cannot be specifically enforced — only a negative injunction (restraining breach) is available.

Case Study

In Saradamani Kandappan v. S. Rajalakshmi (2011), the Supreme Court held that a plaintiff seeking specific performance must demonstrate readiness and willingness to perform throughout — from the date of contract to the date of decree.

Key Cases

Saradamani Kandappan v. S. Rajalakshmi

2011

(2011) 12 SCC 18

Plaintiff must show continuous readiness and willingness to perform from contract date to decree. Failure disentitles the plaintiff to specific performance relief.

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Also Known As

specific relief

Synonyms

specific reliefequitable remedycourt-ordered performance

Antonyms / Opposites

damagescompensationrescission

Related Terms

Specific Relief Act 1963injunctionbreach of contractimmovable propertyequitable remedy

Dictionary Entry

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