ગુજરાતી(Gujarati)

/bandharan/

The supreme law of a nation establishing governmental structure and citizens' rights. The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950.

/lokshahi/

A system of government in which power is vested in the people through free elections. India is the world's largest democracy. Gujarat has a vibrant democratic tradition.

/gandhiji/

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948), the father of the Indian nation, born in Porbandar, Gujarat. He led India's independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience (Ahimsa and Satyagraha), profoundly influencing worldwide civil rights movements.

/satyaagrah/

A philosophy of non-violent resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi, combining Satya (truth) and Agraha (insistence/force). It involves peacefully refusing to comply with unjust laws, accepting suffering without retaliating, and appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

/audyogik vikas/

The growth of manufacturing and industrial activity in a region. Gujarat is India's most industrialised state, accounting for over 18% of India's exports and hosting major industries including petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and chemicals.

/itihase/

The study of past events. Gujarat has a rich history including the Indus Valley civilisation sites (Lothal, Dholavira), the Maurya Empire, the Solanki dynasty, the Sultanate of Gujarat, and the Maratha period.

/swachh bharat/

A national cleanliness mission launched by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. Gujarat's cities like Surat and Ahmedabad have been consistently ranked among India's cleanest cities.

/sahakari chalavaal/

An economic movement based on cooperative enterprises owned and managed by their members. Gujarat is the birthplace of India's cooperative movement. The Amul dairy cooperative (GCMMF), founded in Anand in 1946, became a global model for cooperatives.

/ahimsa/

The doctrine of not causing harm to living beings, central to Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In Gujarat, Jainism has had a profound influence on the concept of ahimsa, which Gandhi transformed into a political tool for resistance.

/udyog sahas/

The activity of starting and running new businesses. Gujarat has a strong entrepreneurial culture, with Gujarati businessmen being some of India's most successful entrepreneurs. The Tata, Adani, and Essar business groups originated from Gujarat.

/gram panchayat/

The lowest tier of rural self-governance, managing village affairs. Gujarat's panchayats have been given significant powers under the 73rd Amendment, with substantial fiscal devolution for development activities.

/granth/

A written or printed literary work. Gujarati literature has a rich tradition from the medieval Jain writers to 19th-century reformists like Narmadashankar Dave and modern novelists. The Gujarat Sahitya Akademi promotes literary activities.

/swatantrata/

The state of being free from oppression or control. India gained independence from British rule on 15 August 1947. Gujarat gave India both Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who were central to achieving and preserving India's freedom.

/sardar vallabhbhai patel/

The 'Iron Man of India' (1875-1950), born in Nadiad, Gujarat. The first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, he is credited with the integration of 562 princely states into the Indian Union, unifying India. He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1991.

/rajya stare/

Relating to the governmental tier of a state in India's federal system. Gujarat, formed on 1 May 1960 after bifurcation from the former Bombay State on linguistic lines, has since become one of India's most prosperous states.

/isro/

India's national space agency, founded in 1969. ISRO has achieved remarkable milestones including the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), Chandrayaan missions, and the launch of NAVIC — India's indigenous navigation system — from Ahmedabad-based SAC (Space Applications Centre).

/green economy/

An economy that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. Gujarat has been a leader in India's renewable energy transition, with major solar parks (Dholera, Rewa) and wind energy along its coastline.

/bhrashtachar/

Dishonest conduct by persons in positions of authority. Gujarat's Lokayukta and the RTI Act are key anti-corruption mechanisms. Gujarat has been cited for its relatively efficient administration compared to many Indian states.

/nav bharat/

A government vision for transforming India by 2022 (75th independence anniversary) into a clean, corruption-free, technologically advanced, prosperous, and peaceful nation. Gujarat's economic model has been cited as a template for the New India vision.

/sthal varaso/

A place of historical, cultural, or natural significance, often protected by law. Gujarat has UNESCO World Heritage Sites including Rani ki Vav (stepwell) at Patan, Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, and the Dholavira ancient city from the Indus Valley Civilisation.

/khedut/

A person who cultivates land and grows crops. Gujarat's farmers produce cotton, groundnut, wheat, and tobacco. The PM-KISAN and PM Kisan Maan Dhan schemes provide income support and pension to farmers.

/antarrashtriya sambandh/

The relations between different nations, encompassing diplomacy, trade, security, and cultural exchange. India's 'Neighbourhood First' and 'Act East' policies are key pillars of India's foreign policy under the Ministry of External Affairs.

/new energy/

Energy from new and renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. India has set a target of 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 to meet climate commitments. Gujarat has one of India's largest hybrid renewable energy parks.

/bhraman/

The activity of travelling to different places for pleasure. Gujarat attracts tourists to the Rann of Kutch (White Desert), Gir National Park (last Asiatic lions), Dwarka, Somnath temple, and the recently developed Statue of Unity — the world's tallest statue.

/urja/

The power derived from physical or chemical resources to provide heat, light, and motion. Gujarat has achieved 100% rural electrification and pioneered 24x7 power supply through the Jyotigram Yojana, providing reliable electricity to villages.

/ucher/

The process of growing and advancing economically, socially, and culturally. The Gujarat model of development focuses on infrastructure investment, industrial growth, and good governance as drivers of prosperity.

/bhugol/

The study of the physical features of the Earth. Gujarat has diverse geography including the Rann of Kutch (world's largest salt marsh), the Gulf of Khambhat, the coastal plains, and the hilly Aravalli ranges.

/chuntani/

A formal procedure to choose representatives for government through voting. Gujarat holds elections for 182 Vidhan Sabha seats and 26 Lok Sabha seats. The state has been governed by the BJP for over two decades.

/digital india/

A government initiative to transform India into a digitally empowered society through digital infrastructure, digital literacy, and online delivery of government services. Gujarat has been an early adopter, with e-Dhara (digitized land records) and other e-governance initiatives.

/jain dharma/

An ancient Indian religion founded by Mahavira (6th century BCE) emphasising non-violence (ahimsa), non-possessiveness, truth, non-stealing, and chastity. Gujarat has a large Jain population, and the Palitana temples in Bhavnagar are one of Jainism's holiest pilgrimages.

/gram vikas/

The improvement of living standards, infrastructure, and economic opportunities in rural areas. Gujarat's Samagra Gram Vikas scheme aims at holistic village development covering roads, water supply, electricity, and health facilities.

/arth/

One of the four Purusharthas (goals of life) in Hindu philosophy — the pursuit of wealth, prosperity, and material well-being through legitimate means. Gujarat's mercantile tradition reflects the centrality of Artha in its culture.

/trade/

The buying and selling of goods and services. Gujarat's port cities — Kandla, Mundra, and Hazira — handle a significant portion of India's maritime trade. Gujarat ports handle over 70% of India's west coast trade.

/gram swa-raj/

Mahatma Gandhi's vision of decentralised governance where each village would be self-sufficient and self-governed, akin to the Gram Swaraj concept. Gandhi believed true freedom meant grassroots empowerment of rural communities.

/utsav/

A special occasion of celebration, often with religious, cultural, or seasonal significance. Gujarat's Navratri festival (9 nights of Garba dance) is celebrated with extraordinary fervour and was inscribed by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. Uttarayan (kite festival) is another iconic Gujarat festival.

/rashtriya udyan/

A protected area of land managed by government for wildlife conservation. Gir National Park in Gujarat is the last remaining habitat of the Asiatic Lion, home to over 700 lions. It is a flagship success story of Indian wildlife conservation.

/udyog kshetra/

The part of the economy involving manufacturing goods. Gujarat's industrial sector includes major petrochemical hubs (Hazira, Jamnagar), diamond cutting and polishing (Surat), pharmaceutical companies (Ahmedabad), and textile manufacturing.

/uchch nyayalay/

The principal civil court in each state, established under Article 214. The Gujarat High Court is located in Ahmedabad and exercises original, appellate, and supervisory jurisdiction over lower courts in Gujarat.

/ozone/

A molecule of three oxygen atoms found in the Earth's upper atmosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. Depletion of the ozone layer is a major environmental concern, and India is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol.

/global strategy/

A nation's approach to engaging with the world on political, economic, and security matters. India's global strategy includes the QUAD alliance, G20 presidency, SCO membership, and bilateral partnerships to protect its national interests.

/kavita/

સૌંદર્યયુક્ત ભાષા દ્વારા ભાવ અને વિચારો વ્યક્ત કરતી સાહિત્ય કૃતિ.

Poetry

/gazal/

સમાન પ્રાસ ધરાવતા દ્વિ-પંક્તિ સ્વરૂપ ધરાવતો ઉર્દૂ-ફારસી ઉત્પત્તિ ધરાવતો કાવ્ય પ્રકાર.

Ghazal (poetic form)

/navalkatha/

ગ્રામ્ય ભાષામાં રચાયેલ લાંબી ગદ્ય-કૃતિ જે ઘટનાઓ અને પ્રક્ષ-નિષ્ઠ પ્રતિબિંબ ઝેરે છે.

Novel

/natak/

રંગભૂમિ ઉ. ભ. ભ. માટે રચ. ગ. ભ. ગ. ભ. ભ. ક. ભ. ભ. ભ. ભ. ભ. ભ. ભ. ભ.

Drama / Play

/git/

ઉ.ભ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Song

/sangit/

ધ્વ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ. ધ.

Music

/nritya/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Dance

/garba/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Garba (folk dance)

/chitrakala/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Painting / Visual Art

/tattvagyan/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Philosophy

/atma/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Soul / Self

/moksha/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Liberation / Salvation

/dhyan/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Meditation

/bhakti/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Devotion

/sanskriti/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Culture / Civilisation

/navratri/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Navratri

/diwali/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Diwali

/parampara/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Tradition

/arogya/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Health

/ayurved/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Ayurveda

/aushadh/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Medicine / Medicinal herb

/chikitsa/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Medical treatment

/yoga/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Yoga

/technology/

ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.

Technology

/computer/

ઉ. ઉ.

Computer

/internet/

ઉ. ઉ.

Internet

/software/

ઉ.

Software

/digital/

ઉ.

Digital

/vigyan/

ઉ.

Science

/bhautikshashtra/

ઉ.

Physics

/rasayan/

ઉ.

Chemistry

/jivvigyan/

ઉ.

Biology

/ganit/

ઉ.

Mathematics

/paryavaran/

ઉ.

Environment

/havaman/

ઉ.

Climate / Weather

/jal/

ઉ.

Water

/aranya/

ઉ.

Forest / Wilderness

/pradushan/

ઉ.

Pollution

/arthavyavastha/

ઉ.

Economy

/shikshan/

ઉ.

Education

/bhaugolik kshetra/

ઉ.

Geographical Region

/nyay/

ઉ.

Justice

/bhasha/

ઉ.

Language

/samaj/

ઉ.

Society

/itihas-varaso/

ઉ.

Historical Heritage

/raas/

ઉ.

Raas (dance form)

/pattachitra/

ઉ.

Pattachitra (scroll painting)

/chhand/

ઉ.

Metre / Verse form

/varta/

ઉ.

Story / Short story

/aachar/

ઉ.

Conduct / Custom

/shikshan-sanstha/

ઉ.

Educational Institution

/swa-shasan/

ઉ.

Self-governance

/udyog-bhumi/

ઉ.

Industrial Land / Industrial Zone

/karma/

ઉ.

Action / Moral consequence

/sthal/

ઉ.

Place / Site

/e-governance/

ઉ.

E-Governance

/stri-swa-sahay-juth/

ઉ.

Women's Self-Help Group

/nyay-prakriya/

ઉ.

Judicial Process

/bandar/

ઉ.

Port / Harbour

/gramya stri/

ઉ.

Rural Woman