భాషా భాగాలు

Vibhakti (విభక్తి) = Case markers

in Telugu — postposition particles after nouns indicating grammatical role. 7 cases (vibhaktulu): (1) Prathama — Nominative (subject); no marker. (2) Dvitiya — Accusative; "ని/ను" (Ramuni చూసాను = saw Rama). (3) Tritiya — Instrumental; "తో/చే" (kalumtoo wrote = with pen). (4) Chaturthi — Dative; "కు/కి" (Ramuki ichchaanu = gave to Rama). (5) Panchami — Ablative; "నుండి/కంటే" (Hyderabadnundi = from Hyderabad). (6) Shashthi — Genitive; "యొక్క/డి" (naa = my / mine). (7) Saptami — Locative; "లో/లోపల/పై" (intilo = in house). Telugu postpositions (after noun) vs English prepositions (before noun) — opposite order. Common postpositions: కోసం (for), తో (with), కింద (under), మీద (on), ముందు (before), తరువాత (after), దగ్గర (near), దూరం (far), పక్కన (beside). Sandhi rules apply (vowel mergers): Hyderabad+nundi → Hyderabadnundi. Examples: "రాముడు రాజు" (Rama-king nominative); "రాముని చూసాను" (saw Rama accusative); "రాముతో మాట్లాడాను" (talked with Rama instrumental). Politeness shifts: "మీకు" (formal-plural dative) vs "నీకు" (singular informal). Telugu kids learn vibhaktulu by class 5; foundation of grammar.