STEM
120 terms · Mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and computer science
Tools & CalculatorsShowing all 120 terms
- Physics
Newton's First Law
EasyAn object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
- Physics
Newton's Second Law
EasyForce equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- Physics
Newton's Third Law
EasyFor every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Physics
Thermodynamics
MediumThe branch of physics dealing with heat, energy, and their transformations.
- Physics
Wave-Particle Duality
AdvancedQuantum objects exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties simultaneously.
- Physics
Electromagnetic Induction
MediumA changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.
- Physics
Quantum Mechanics
AdvancedThe physics governing behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales.
- Physics
Entropy
MediumA measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
- Physics
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
AdvancedThe position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely known simultaneously.
- Physics
Gravity
EasyThe fundamental force of attraction between objects with mass.
- Physics
Radioactive Decay
MediumThe spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus, releasing radiation.
- Physics
Doppler Effect
MediumThe change in frequency of a wave as its source moves relative to an observer.
- Physics
Special Relativity
AdvancedEinstein's theory that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers.
- Physics
Buoyancy
EasyThe upward force a fluid exerts on an object submerged in it.
- Physics
Magnetic Field
MediumA region around a magnet where magnetic forces act on other magnets and moving charges.
- Chemistry
Periodic Table
EasyA tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and properties.
- Chemistry
Covalent Bond
EasyA chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
- Chemistry
pH Scale
EasyA logarithmic scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution from 0 to 14.
- Chemistry
Titration
MediumA technique to determine the concentration of a solution using a reagent of known concentration.
- Chemistry
Stoichiometry
MediumThe calculation of quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
- Chemistry
Ionic Bond
EasyA chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
- Chemistry
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
MediumA reaction involving the transfer of electrons between chemical species.
- Chemistry
Chemical Equilibrium
MediumThe state in which forward and reverse reaction rates are equal with no net change.
- Chemistry
Electronegativity
MediumA measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
- Chemistry
Activation Energy
MediumThe minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.
- Chemistry
Molecular Geometry
MediumThe three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
- Chemistry
Nuclear Fission
AdvancedThe splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing enormous energy.
- Chemistry
Polymer
MediumA large molecule composed of many repeated smaller units called monomers.
- Chemistry
Catalyst
MediumA substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
- Chemistry
Isomer
AdvancedMolecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
- Biology
DNA Replication
MediumThe process by which a cell copies its DNA before cell division.
- Biology
Photosynthesis
EasyThe process plants use to convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose and oxygen.
- Biology
Cell Division
EasyThe process by which a parent cell splits into two or more daughter cells.
- Biology
Evolution
EasyThe change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
- Biology
Enzyme
EasyA biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.
- Biology
Cellular Respiration
MediumThe process cells use to convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).
- Biology
Natural Selection
EasyThe process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully.
- Biology
Mitosis
MediumCell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
- Biology
Meiosis
MediumCell division producing four genetically unique haploid cells for sexual reproduction.
- Biology
Gene Expression
AdvancedThe process by which genetic information is used to produce functional proteins.
- Biology
Homeostasis
MediumThe ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Biology
Osmosis
MediumThe movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
- Biology
Genetic Mutation
MediumA permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome.
- Biology
Ecosystem
EasyA community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.
- Biology
CRISPR-Cas9
AdvancedA molecular tool that allows precise editing of DNA sequences in living organisms.
- Mathematics
Integration
MediumThe mathematical process of finding the area under a curve or accumulation of a quantity.
- Mathematics
Differential Equation
AdvancedAn equation relating a function with one or more of its derivatives.
- Mathematics
Matrix
MediumA rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns used in linear algebra.
- Mathematics
Probability
EasyThe measure of the likelihood that a given event will occur, between 0 and 1.
- Mathematics
Vector
EasyA mathematical object with both magnitude and direction.
- Mathematics
Prime Number
EasyA natural number greater than 1 divisible only by 1 and itself.
- Mathematics
Fourier Transform
AdvancedA mathematical transform that decomposes a function into its constituent frequencies.
- Mathematics
Eigenvalue
AdvancedA scalar by which a matrix stretches or compresses its corresponding eigenvector.
- Mathematics
Pythagorean Theorem
EasyIn a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of squares of the other sides.
- Mathematics
Normal Distribution
MediumA symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution defined by mean and standard deviation.
- Mathematics
Graph Theory
MediumThe study of graphs as mathematical structures representing pairwise relations between objects.
- Mathematics
Limits
MediumThe value a function or sequence approaches as the input approaches a given value.
- Mathematics
Bayesian Inference
AdvancedA statistical method updating the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence is obtained.
- Mathematics
Boolean Algebra
MediumA branch of algebra dealing with variables that take only true or false values.
- Mathematics
Topology
AdvancedThe mathematical study of properties preserved under continuous deformations of objects.
- Engineering
Stress and Strain
MediumStress is internal force per unit area; strain is the resulting deformation of a material.
- Engineering
Reynolds Number
MediumA dimensionless number predicting whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.
- Engineering
Kirchhoff's Laws
MediumTwo laws governing current and voltage in electrical circuits.
- Engineering
Control Systems
MediumSystems that regulate the behavior of other systems using feedback mechanisms.
- Engineering
Thermodynamic Efficiency
MediumThe ratio of useful work output to total energy input in a thermodynamic process.
- Engineering
Semiconductor
MediumA material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.
- Engineering
Finite Element Analysis
AdvancedA computational method for solving complex structural, thermal, and fluid problems by dividing into small elements.
- Engineering
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
MediumThe ratio of desired signal power to background noise power in a system.
- Engineering
Hydraulics
MediumThe engineering science dealing with the mechanical properties and use of liquids.
- Engineering
Fatigue Failure
AdvancedThe progressive, localized structural damage caused by repeated cyclic loading.
- Engineering
Ohm's Law
EasyVoltage across a conductor equals current times resistance (V = IR).
- Engineering
Bernoulli's Principle
MediumIn a flowing fluid, an increase in speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure.
- Computer Science
Algorithm
EasyA finite, step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
- Computer Science
Binary Tree
MediumA hierarchical data structure where each node has at most two children.
- Computer Science
Recursion
MediumA programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller instances of a problem.
- Computer Science
Machine Learning
MediumA subset of AI where systems learn from data to improve performance without explicit programming.
- Computer Science
Neural Network
MediumA computational model inspired by the brain, composed of interconnected layers of nodes.
- Computer Science
Big O Notation
MediumA mathematical notation describing the limiting behavior of an algorithm's resource usage.
- Computer Science
Cryptography
MediumThe science of securing information by transforming it into an unreadable format.
- Computer Science
Operating System
EasySystem software that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications.
- Computer Science
Database
EasyAn organized collection of structured data stored and accessed electronically.
- Computer Science
Parallel Computing
AdvancedUsing multiple processors simultaneously to solve a computational problem faster.
- Computer Science
Blockchain
AdvancedA distributed, immutable ledger of transactions shared across a decentralized network.
- Computer Science
Compiler
MediumA program that translates high-level source code into machine-executable code.
- Earth Science
Plate Tectonics
EasyThe theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into moving plates that shape the planet's surface.
- Earth Science
Erosion
EasyThe wearing away and transport of rock and soil by wind, water, or ice.
- Earth Science
Water Cycle
EasyThe continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
- Earth Science
Atmosphere
EasyThe layer of gases surrounding Earth held in place by gravity.
- Earth Science
Greenhouse Effect
EasyThe warming of Earth's surface caused by atmospheric gases trapping heat radiation.
- Earth Science
Seismology
MediumThe scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through Earth.
- Earth Science
Rock Cycle
EasyThe continuous process by which rocks are formed, changed, and destroyed over geological time.
- Earth Science
Soil Horizons
MediumDistinct layers in a soil profile, each with different physical and chemical properties.
- Earth Science
Ocean Currents
MediumContinuous, directed movements of seawater driven by wind, temperature, and salinity differences.
- Earth Science
Mineral
EasyA naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure.
- Earth Science
Climate Change
EasyLong-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities.
- Astronomy
Stellar Evolution
MediumThe process by which a star changes over its lifetime from birth to death.
- Astronomy
Black Hole
MediumA region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
- Astronomy
Galaxy
EasyA gravitationally bound system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter.
- Astronomy
Redshift
MediumThe increase in wavelength of light from objects moving away from the observer.
- Astronomy
Dark Matter
MediumHypothetical matter that does not emit light but exerts gravitational effects on visible matter.
- Astronomy
Exoplanet
MediumA planet orbiting a star outside our solar system.
- Astronomy
Big Bang Theory
MediumThe cosmological model describing the universe's origin from an extremely hot, dense state.
- Astronomy
Neutron Star
AdvancedAn extremely dense stellar remnant composed primarily of neutrons, formed after a supernova.
- Astronomy
Supernova
MediumA powerful and luminous stellar explosion marking the death of a massive star.
- Astronomy
Gravitational Lensing
AdvancedThe bending of light by massive objects predicted by general relativity.
- Astronomy
Solar Wind
MediumA stream of charged particles continuously emitted from the Sun's upper atmosphere.
- Astronomy
Parallax
MediumThe apparent shift in position of an object viewed from two different locations.
- Astronomy
Pulsar
AdvancedA highly magnetized, rotating neutron star emitting beams of electromagnetic radiation.
- Astronomy
Cosmic Microwave Background
AdvancedThe faint thermal radiation filling all of space, the afterglow of the early universe.
- Astronomy
Gravitational Wave
AdvancedRipples in spacetime caused by accelerating massive objects, predicted by general relativity.
- Astronomy
Dark Energy
AdvancedA hypothetical form of energy causing the accelerating expansion of the universe.
- Astronomy
Habitable Zone
MediumThe range of orbital distances where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface.
- Astronomy
Spectroscopy
MediumThe analysis of light spectra to determine the composition and properties of matter.
- Physics
Nuclear Fusion
MediumThe process where light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
- Engineering
Nanotechnology
AdvancedThe manipulation of matter at the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers for novel applications.
- Physics
Quantum Entanglement
AdvancedA quantum phenomenon where two particles remain correlated regardless of the distance separating them.
- Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
MediumThe simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems.
- Chemistry
Acid-Base Reaction
EasyA chemical reaction between an acid and a base, typically producing water and a salt.
- Biology
Diffusion
EasyThe passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
- Earth Science
Tectonic Hazards
MediumNatural hazards resulting from the movement and interaction of tectonic plates.