🔬 STEM

An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The branch of physics dealing with heat, energy, and their transformations.

Quantum objects exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties simultaneously.

A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.

The physics governing behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales.

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

The position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely known simultaneously.

The fundamental force of attraction between objects with mass.

The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus, releasing radiation.

The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves relative to an observer.

Einstein's theory that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers.

The upward force a fluid exerts on an object submerged in it.

A region around a magnet where magnetic forces act on other magnets and moving charges.

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and properties.

A chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

A logarithmic scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution from 0 to 14.

A technique to determine the concentration of a solution using a reagent of known concentration.

The calculation of quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

A reaction involving the transfer of electrons between chemical species.

The state in which forward and reverse reaction rates are equal with no net change.

A measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.

The splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing enormous energy.

A large molecule composed of many repeated smaller units called monomers.

A substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed in the process.

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

The process by which a cell copies its DNA before cell division.

The process plants use to convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose and oxygen.

The process by which a parent cell splits into two or more daughter cells.

The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.

The process cells use to convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).

The process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully.

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

Cell division producing four genetically unique haploid cells for sexual reproduction.

The process by which genetic information is used to produce functional proteins.

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome.

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.

A molecular tool that allows precise editing of DNA sequences in living organisms.

The mathematical process of finding the area under a curve or accumulation of a quantity.

An equation relating a function with one or more of its derivatives.

A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns used in linear algebra.

The measure of the likelihood that a given event will occur, between 0 and 1.

A mathematical object with both magnitude and direction.

A natural number greater than 1 divisible only by 1 and itself.

A mathematical transform that decomposes a function into its constituent frequencies.

A scalar by which a matrix stretches or compresses its corresponding eigenvector.

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of squares of the other sides.

A symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution defined by mean and standard deviation.

The study of graphs as mathematical structures representing pairwise relations between objects.

The value a function or sequence approaches as the input approaches a given value.

A statistical method updating the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence is obtained.

A branch of algebra dealing with variables that take only true or false values.

The mathematical study of properties preserved under continuous deformations of objects.

Stress is internal force per unit area; strain is the resulting deformation of a material.

A dimensionless number predicting whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.

Two laws governing current and voltage in electrical circuits.

Systems that regulate the behavior of other systems using feedback mechanisms.

The ratio of useful work output to total energy input in a thermodynamic process.

A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.

A computational method for solving complex structural, thermal, and fluid problems by dividing into small elements.

The ratio of desired signal power to background noise power in a system.

The engineering science dealing with the mechanical properties and use of liquids.

The progressive, localized structural damage caused by repeated cyclic loading.

Voltage across a conductor equals current times resistance (V = IR).

In a flowing fluid, an increase in speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure.

A finite, step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.

A hierarchical data structure where each node has at most two children.

A programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller instances of a problem.

A subset of AI where systems learn from data to improve performance without explicit programming.

A computational model inspired by the brain, composed of interconnected layers of nodes.

A mathematical notation describing the limiting behavior of an algorithm's resource usage.

The science of securing information by transforming it into an unreadable format.

System software that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications.

An organized collection of structured data stored and accessed electronically.

Using multiple processors simultaneously to solve a computational problem faster.

A distributed, immutable ledger of transactions shared across a decentralized network.

A program that translates high-level source code into machine-executable code.

The theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into moving plates that shape the planet's surface.

The wearing away and transport of rock and soil by wind, water, or ice.

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

The layer of gases surrounding Earth held in place by gravity.

The warming of Earth's surface caused by atmospheric gases trapping heat radiation.

The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through Earth.

The continuous process by which rocks are formed, changed, and destroyed over geological time.

Distinct layers in a soil profile, each with different physical and chemical properties.

Continuous, directed movements of seawater driven by wind, temperature, and salinity differences.

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure.

Long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities.

The process by which a star changes over its lifetime from birth to death.

A region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

A gravitationally bound system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter.

The increase in wavelength of light from objects moving away from the observer.

Hypothetical matter that does not emit light but exerts gravitational effects on visible matter.

A planet orbiting a star outside our solar system.

The cosmological model describing the universe's origin from an extremely hot, dense state.

An extremely dense stellar remnant composed primarily of neutrons, formed after a supernova.

A powerful and luminous stellar explosion marking the death of a massive star.

The bending of light by massive objects predicted by general relativity.

A stream of charged particles continuously emitted from the Sun's upper atmosphere.

The apparent shift in position of an object viewed from two different locations.

A highly magnetized, rotating neutron star emitting beams of electromagnetic radiation.

The faint thermal radiation filling all of space, the afterglow of the early universe.

Ripples in spacetime caused by accelerating massive objects, predicted by general relativity.

A hypothetical form of energy causing the accelerating expansion of the universe.

The range of orbital distances where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface.

The analysis of light spectra to determine the composition and properties of matter.

The process where light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.

The manipulation of matter at the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers for novel applications.

A quantum phenomenon where two particles remain correlated regardless of the distance separating them.

The simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems.

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base, typically producing water and a salt.

The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Natural hazards resulting from the movement and interaction of tectonic plates.