💻 IT & Technology

A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network.

Domain Name System — translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol — the foundational communication protocols of the internet.

A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules.

Virtual Private Network — creates an encrypted tunnel over a public network for secure communication.

The maximum rate of data transfer across a network connection, measured in bits per second.

The time delay between a data request being sent and the response being received, measured in milliseconds.

A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, directing traffic on the internet.

A device that connects multiple devices on a local network and forwards data only to the intended recipient.

A set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received across a network.

A 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host portions.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol — automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network.

Network Address Translation — maps private IP addresses to a public IP address for internet access.

A system that distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability.

Content Delivery Network — a geographically distributed network of servers that delivers web content faster.

A seven-layer conceptual framework that standardizes how different network protocols communicate.

Border Gateway Protocol — the routing protocol that manages how data is routed across the internet.

A unit of data formatted for transmission over a network, containing header information and payload.

HyperText Transfer Protocol — the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.

HTTP Secure — the encrypted version of HTTP using SSL/TLS to secure data in transit.

Internet Protocol version 6 — the successor to IPv4, using 128-bit addresses to support a vastly larger address space.

User Datagram Protocol — a connectionless transport protocol that prioritizes speed over reliability.

Secure Shell — a cryptographic protocol for securely accessing and managing remote servers over a network.

Virtual LAN — a logical network segment that groups devices on different physical switches as if on the same network.

Amazon Web Services — the world's most comprehensive and widely adopted cloud platform.

Microsoft's cloud computing platform offering a wide range of services for building, deploying, and managing applications.

Google's cloud computing platform known for its data analytics, AI, and Kubernetes capabilities.

Infrastructure as a Service — cloud-provided virtualized computing infrastructure over the internet.

Platform as a Service — a cloud environment that provides tools for developers to build and deploy applications.

Software as a Service — software delivered over the internet on a subscription basis, no installation required.

A cloud execution model where the provider manages server infrastructure and automatically scales resources.

A lightweight, standalone executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application.

An open-source container orchestration system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containers.

A platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers.

A computing environment combining on-premises infrastructure with public and private cloud services.

Automatically adjusting cloud compute resources up or down in response to demand or predefined rules.

An isolated data center location within a cloud region designed to provide fault tolerance and high availability.

A storage architecture managing data as objects with metadata, ideal for unstructured data at massive scale.

Processing data closer to where it is generated rather than in a centralized cloud data center.

Managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable configuration files rather than manual processes.

The process of moving applications, data, and workloads from on-premises infrastructure to cloud environments.

A software emulation of a physical computer that runs an operating system and applications in isolation.

The process of converting data into an unreadable format using algorithms, decryptable only with the correct key.

Secure Sockets Layer — a cryptographic protocol for securing internet communications, now superseded by TLS.

Transport Layer Security — the successor to SSL, providing encrypted communications over networks.

A social engineering attack that tricks users into revealing sensitive information through deceptive communications.

Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

A type of malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for the decryption key.

A software vulnerability unknown to the vendor, exploited by attackers before a patch is available.

An authorized simulated cyberattack on a system to evaluate its security posture and find vulnerabilities.

A security process requiring two different verification factors to access an account or system.

Distributed Denial of Service — an attack that overwhelms a server with traffic to make it unavailable.

A web security vulnerability where attackers insert malicious SQL code into a query to manipulate the database.

A system that monitors network or system activities for malicious activity or policy violations.

Security Information and Event Management — aggregates and analyzes security logs for threat detection.

Public Key Infrastructure — the framework of certificates, authorities, and policies enabling secure communications.

Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information.

Structured Query Language — the standard language for managing and querying relational databases.

A category of databases that store and retrieve data in formats other than relational tables.

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability — four properties ensuring reliable database transactions.

A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table.

The process of organizing a database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.

Horizontal database partitioning that splits data across multiple database instances for scalability.

The process of copying and maintaining database data across multiple servers for availability and performance.

States that a distributed system can guarantee at most two of: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance.

An open-source, in-memory data structure store used as a cache, database, and message broker.

Object-Relational Mapper — a library that maps database tables to programming language objects, abstracting SQL.

The process of selecting the most efficient execution plan for a database query to minimize resource usage.

Application Programming Interface — a set of rules allowing different software applications to communicate.

Representational State Transfer — an architectural style for designing networked HTTP-based APIs.

A query language for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need.

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery — practices that automate building, testing, and deploying software.

An iterative software development methodology emphasizing collaboration, flexibility, and frequent delivery.

An Agile framework using fixed-length sprints, defined roles, and ceremonies to deliver software iteratively.

A distributed version control system for tracking changes in source code during software development.

An architectural pattern where an application is built as a collection of small, independently deployable services.

A culture and set of practices combining software development and IT operations to shorten the development lifecycle.

A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.

A mathematical notation describing an algorithm's time or space complexity relative to its input size.

A specialized format for organizing, storing, and accessing data to enable efficient operations.

A programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it into smaller subproblems.

A reusable solution template to a commonly occurring software design problem.

The implied cost of rework caused by choosing a quick, easy solution now instead of a better long-term approach.

Restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve quality and maintainability.

A programming paradigm organizing code into objects that combine data and behavior.

Testing individual units or components of code in isolation to verify they function correctly.

A server that acts as an entry point for clients, routing requests to appropriate microservices.

A component that enables asynchronous communication between services by storing messages until processed.

A software design pattern where components communicate by producing and consuming events asynchronously.

Site Reliability Engineering — applying software engineering principles to IT operations to build reliable systems.

The ability to understand the internal state of a system from its external outputs: logs, metrics, and traces.

A software development technique that enables or disables features at runtime without deploying new code.

The core component of an OS that manages system resources and mediates between hardware and software.

An instance of a running program, with its own memory space and system resources allocated by the OS.

The smallest unit of CPU execution within a process, sharing the process's memory and resources.

A situation where two or more processes are each waiting for resources held by the others, causing permanent blocking.

The ability of a system to run multiple tasks or processes in overlapping time periods.

An OS technique using disk space to simulate additional RAM, allowing programs to use more memory than physically available.

A method for organizing and storing files on storage media, managing how data is stored and retrieved.

Automatic memory management that reclaims memory occupied by objects no longer in use by a program.

A subset of AI where algorithms learn patterns from data to make predictions or decisions without explicit programming.

A computational model inspired by the brain, composed of interconnected layers of nodes that process data.

A subset of machine learning using neural networks with many layers to learn representations from large datasets.

A branch of AI that enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.

A deep learning model architecture using self-attention mechanisms, foundational to modern NLP and LLMs.

A type of AI model trained on massive text datasets capable of understanding and generating human language.

The labeled dataset used to train a machine learning model to recognize patterns and make predictions.

When a machine learning model learns training data too well, including noise, reducing its generalization ability.

A machine learning paradigm where an agent learns to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties from its environment.

A field of AI enabling computers to interpret and understand visual information from images and video.

Graphics Processing Unit — a processor designed for parallel computation, now essential for AI/ML training.

HyperText Markup Language — the standard markup language for creating web pages.

Cascading Style Sheets — the language used to describe the visual presentation of HTML documents.

A high-level programming language that makes web pages interactive and dynamic.

A JavaScript library for building reusable UI components and fast, declarative user interfaces.

A JavaScript runtime that allows running JavaScript on the server side outside of a browser.

Small pieces of data stored by a browser, sent by web servers to track sessions and user preferences.

A hardware or software component that stores frequently accessed data for faster future retrieval.

An open standard for authorization that allows third-party applications to access user data without sharing passwords.

JSON Web Token — a compact, self-contained token for securely transmitting information between parties.

A typed superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JavaScript, adding static type checking.

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing — a browser security mechanism controlling how web pages request resources from other origins.

A communication protocol providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection.

A web application that loads once and dynamically updates content without full page reloads.

A user-defined HTTP callback that triggers when a specific event occurs in a third-party service.

A web application using modern browser features to deliver app-like experiences including offline support.

A high-performance remote procedure call framework using Protocol Buffers for efficient serialization.

A dedicated infrastructure layer handling service-to-service communication, observability, and security in microservices.

An authentication scheme allowing users to log in once and access multiple applications without re-authenticating.

A distributed, append-only ledger where data is stored in cryptographically linked blocks across multiple nodes.

An integrated circuit that contains a CPU on a single chip.

High-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data close to the CPU.

An efficient algorithm that finds an item in a sorted list by halving the search space.

Testing a system under expected and peak load conditions to measure performance.

Controlling the number of API requests a client can make within a time window.

A server that forwards client requests to backend servers and returns responses.

An attack that corrupts DNS resolver caches to redirect users to malicious sites.

A programming model where tasks run concurrently without blocking execution flow.

An automated sequence of steps that build, test, and validate code changes.

A versioning scheme using MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH numbers to communicate change impact.

A deployment strategy using two identical environments to enable zero-downtime releases.

Gradually rolling out a new release to a small subset of users before full release.

Automated extraction of data from websites using bots or scripts.

Security requiring two or more verification factors to grant access.

Five object-oriented design principles for creating maintainable and scalable software.

Generating web page HTML on the server and sending it fully rendered to the browser.

Pre-building all web pages at compile time rather than generating them per request.

A design pattern where objects receive their dependencies from external sources rather than creating them.

Continuously tracking application health, performance, and errors in production.

Encrypting stored data to protect it from unauthorized access when not in active use.

A security model that verifies every request regardless of network location.

A repository for storing, versioning, and distributing container images.

The smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes, containing one or more containers.

Using a trained machine learning model to make predictions on new data.

Transforming raw data into informative input features for machine learning models.

A network of physical devices embedded with sensors that collect and exchange data.

Testing how multiple components work together as a combined system.

A centralized repository for structured, historical data optimized for analytics and reporting.

A data integration process that extracts data from sources, transforms it, and loads it into a target.

A centralized repository storing vast amounts of raw data in its native format.

SQL operations that combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns.

A serverless function that executes code in response to events without managing servers.

A property where performing an operation multiple times produces the same result as once.

A data structure where elements are stored in nodes, each pointing to the next.

A last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are added and removed from the top.

A first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where elements are added at the back and removed from the front.

A messaging pattern where publishers send messages to topics consumed by subscribers.

Dividing a network into subnetworks to improve security and performance.

A sequence of characters defining a search pattern for text matching and manipulation.

A programming paradigm treating computation as evaluation of mathematical functions.

A development practice where tests are written before production code.

Managing multiple versions of an API to support clients while evolving the service.

A design pattern that prevents cascading failures by stopping calls to a failing service.

Storing application state as a sequence of immutable events rather than current values.

A workflow defining how teams use Git branches to organize development and releases.

Recording application events and errors to files or systems for debugging and auditing.

A logically isolated virtual network within a public cloud environment.

Storing copies of web content at geographically distributed edge servers for faster delivery.

An architectural style structuring an application as a collection of small, independent services.

Tracking the health and performance of servers, networks, and cloud resources.

A distributed event streaming platform for high-throughput, fault-tolerant data pipelines.

A function that maps data of arbitrary size to a fixed-size value for integrity verification.

A globally distributed network of servers that delivers web content from locations close to users.

Managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable configuration files.

A pair of cryptographic keys used for secure, passwordless authentication to remote servers.

Built-in browser utilities for inspecting, debugging, and profiling web applications.

A design approach where web layouts adapt fluidly to different screen sizes and devices.

Conventions for designing clean, consistent, and intuitive RESTful APIs.

A web application that provides native app-like experiences using modern browser capabilities.

A sequence of SQL operations treated as a single atomic unit that either all succeed or all fail.

The fourth version of the Internet Protocol using 32-bit addresses supporting about 4 billion addresses.

A bug where a program allocates memory but fails to release it, causing gradual resource exhaustion.

Standardized three-digit codes indicating the result of an HTTP request.

A tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications with a YAML configuration file.

Classifications of security testing by tester knowledge level: black box, white box, and grey box.

An approach to building applications that fully leverage cloud computing capabilities.

The four main categories of NoSQL databases: document, key-value, column-family, and graph.

Classifications of load balancers by operation layer: L4 transport layer and L7 application layer.

Building applications for mobile operating systems using native or cross-platform frameworks.

A cultural movement breaking silos between development and operations teams to accelerate delivery.

Designing and building websites usable by people with disabilities.

Approaches to storing and invalidating cached data to balance freshness and performance.